Python爬虫架构详解与完整代码实现

唐可

发布时间：2026-10-13| 6人浏览过

原创

本文深入解析Python爬虫的核心架构，详细阐述URL管理器、HTML下载器及HTML解析器的功能与实现。通过完整代码示例，展示如何构建爬虫调度程序，实现网页数据的抓取、解析与输出。适合希望掌握Python爬虫基础原理与实战开发的开发者参考。

本文主要介绍Python爬虫的实战案例，重点解析爬虫的整体技术架构。一个完整的爬虫系统通常由几个关键模块组成，包括负责管理待抓取和已抓取URL的URL管理器、负责获取网页内容的HTML下载器，以及负责提取有效数据的HTML解析器。

爬虫系统的基本架构设计

程序入口函数，即爬虫调度段，负责协调各个模块的工作流程。

#coding:utf8
import time, datetime

from maya_Spider import url_manager, html_downloader, html_parser, html_outputer


class Spider_Main(object):
 #初始化操作
 def __init__(self):
  #设置url管理器
  self.urls = url_manager.UrlManager()
  #设置HTML下载器
  self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader()
  #设置HTML解析器
  self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser()
  #设置HTML输出器
  self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutputer()

 #爬虫调度程序
 def craw(self, root_url):
  count = 1
  self.urls.add_new_url(root_url)
  while self.urls.has_new_url():
   try:
    new_url = self.urls.get_new_url()
    print('craw %d : %s' % (count, new_url))
    html_content = self.downloader.download(new_url)
    new_urls, new_data = self.parser.parse(new_url, html_content)
    self.urls.add_new_urls(new_urls)
    self.outputer.collect_data(new_data)

    if count == 10:
     break

    count = count + 1
   except:
    print('craw failed')

  self.outputer.output_html()

if __name__ == '__main__':
 #设置爬虫入口
 root_url = 'http://baike.baidu.com/view/21087.htm'
 #开始时间
 print('开始计时..............')
 start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
 obj_spider = Spider_Main()
 obj_spider.craw(root_url)
 #结束时间
 end_time = datetime.datetime.now()
 print('总用时：%ds'% (end_time - start_time).seconds)

URL管理器模块，用于维护待抓取URL集合和已抓取URL集合，防止重复抓取。

class UrlManager(object):
 def __init__(self):
  self.new_urls = set()
  self.old_urls = set()

 def add_new_url(self, url):
  if url is None:
   return
  if url not in self.new_urls and url not in self.old_urls:
   self.new_urls.add(url)

 def add_new_urls(self, urls):
  if urls is None or len(urls) == 0:
   return
  for url in urls:
   self.add_new_url(url)

 def has_new_url(self):
  return len(self.new_urls) != 0

 def get_new_url(self):
  new_url = self.new_urls.pop()
  self.old_urls.add(new_url)
  return new_url

网页下载器模块，负责根据URL获取网页的HTML源代码。

import urllib
import urllib.request

class HtmlDownloader(object):

 def download(self, url):
  if url is None:
   return None

  #伪装成浏览器访问，直接访问的话csdn会拒绝
  user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
  headers = {'User-Agent':user_agent}
  #构造请求
  req = urllib.request.Request(url,headers=headers)
  #访问页面
  response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
  #python3中urllib.read返回的是bytes对象，不是string,得把它转换成string对象，用bytes.decode方法
  return response.read().decode()

网页解析器模块，利用解析库从HTML中提取标题、摘要及新的链接。

import re
import urllib
from urllib.parse import urlparse

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

class HtmlParser(object):

 def _get_new_urls(self, page_url, soup):
  new_urls = set()
  #/view/123.htm
  links = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r'/item/.*?'))
  for link in links:
   new_url = link['href']
   new_full_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(page_url, new_url)
   new_urls.add(new_full_url)
  return new_urls

 #获取标题、摘要
 def _get_new_data(self, page_url, soup):
  #新建字典
  res_data = {}
  #url
  res_data['url'] = page_url
  #<dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title"><h1>Python</h1>获得标题标签
  title_node = soup.find('dd', class_="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title").find('h1')
  print(str(title_node.get_text()))
  res_data['title'] = str(title_node.get_text())
  #<div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
  summary_node = soup.find('div', class_="lemma-summary")
  res_data['summary'] = summary_node.get_text()

  return res_data

 def parse(self, page_url, html_content):
  if page_url is None or html_content is None:
   return None

  soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, 'html.parser', from_encoding='utf-8')
  new_urls = self._get_new_urls(page_url, soup)
  new_data = self._get_new_data(page_url, soup)
  return new_urls, new_data

网页输出器模块，将解析得到的数据整理并保存为HTML文件。

class HtmlOutputer(object):

 def __init__(self):
  self.datas = []

 def collect_data(self, data):
  if data is None:
   return
  self.datas.append(data )

 def output_html(self):
  fout = open('maya.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
  fout.write("<head><meta http-equiv='content-type' content='text/html;charset=utf-8'></head>")
  fout.write('<html>')
  fout.write('<body>')
  fout.write('<table border="1">')
  # <th width="5%">Url</th>
  fout.write('''<tr style="color:red" width="90%">
     <th>Theme</th>
     <th width="80%">Content</th>
     </tr>''')
  for data in self.datas:
   fout.write('<tr>\n')
   # fout.write('\t<td>%s</td>' % data['url'])
   fout.write('\t<td align="center"><a href=\'%s\'>%s</td>' % (data['url'], data['title']))
   fout.write('\t<td>%s</td>\n' % data['summary'])
   fout.write('</tr>\n')
  fout.write('</table>')
  fout.write('</body>')
  fout.write('</html>')
  fout.close()

程序运行后的实际输出结果展示。