Python实现4x4拼图游戏：从设计到完整代码详解
发布时间：2026-10-13| 4人浏览过
本文介绍使用Python和Pygame库开发4x4拼图小游戏的完整过程。通过设计Settings和Picture类管理游戏配置与图像资源，利用二维列表存储数据并实现基于随机移动的打乱算法，确保拼图可解。文章详细解析按键响应、图像同步更新及胜利判定逻辑，提供可直接运行的完整源代码，适合Python初学者理解游戏循环与事件处理机制。
项目简介与代码说明
作为Python初学者，本文档中的程序由作者独立设计，目前仍存在诸多不足，部分算法也有优化空间。欢迎有经验的大佬提出建议与指正。
游戏效果展示
游戏运行效果展示
核心类设计与资源管理
首先创建设置类（Settings），用于集中存储游戏的基础配置数据。
虽然可以直接在程序中硬编码这些数值，但封装为类能显著提升代码的可读性，并方便后续对基础数据进行统一修改和维护。
class Settings:
def __init__(self):
self.picture_num = 4 # 每行图片数
self.screen_width = 408 # 窗口宽度
self.screen_length = 809 # 窗口长度
self.picture_length = 100 # 每个正方形图片的长
self.screen_bgcol = (96, 127, 255) # 背景颜色
self.picture_bian = 1 # 每个图片的边缘宽度 ，便于分清每个照片
self.picture_distance = 102 # 两个图片之间的距离接着创建图片类（Picture），用于封装和管理游戏所需的图像资源。
在初始化阶段，将所有游戏所需的图片加载至内存中，并在渲染时直接调用图像对象列表，以提高显示效率。该类的构造函数接收一个数字参数，据此生成对应的图片路径和文件名（如picture_name），并加载相应的图像文件。建议初学者查阅Pygame的相关文档以熟悉其图像加载与显示方法。
class Picture:
def __init__(self, num):
self.picture_name = 'images/p{}.gif'.format(num)
self.picture = pygame.image.load(self.picture_name) # 打开照片
self.picture_rect = self.picture.get_rect() # 获得照片属性类
def display_picture(self, screen, x, y): # 在屏幕上显示图片方法
self.picture_rect.x = x
self.picture_rect.y = y
screen.blit(self.picture, self.picture_rect)游戏初始化与数据打乱算法
初始化游戏数据并创建游戏窗口。
游戏状态通过两个4x4的二维列表来维护：一个列表存储图片的逻辑位置编号，另一个列表存储对应的图片对象。游戏开始时，图片顺序应当是打乱的。在打乱数据时，必须基于原始有序状态进行随机移动，否则可能导致生成的拼图状态无解，无法复原。
实现数据打乱的函数逻辑。
def data_begin(caozuoshu, p0, data):
for i in caozuoshu:
move(i, p0, data)
def move(i, p0, data):
if i == 3 and p0[1] > 0:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1] = t
p0[1] -= 1
elif i == 4 and p0[1] < 3:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1] = t
p0[1] += 1
elif i == 1 and p0[0] > 0:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] -= 1
elif i == 2 and p0[0] < 3:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]+1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]+1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] += 1
def create_caozuoshu():
n = 30
caozuo = [1, 2, 3, 4]
caozuoshu = []
for i in range(n):
caozuoshu.append(random.choice(caozuo))
return caozuoshu执行上述逻辑后，对存储图片编号的data列表进行打乱处理。
根据打乱后的data列表，重新生成对应的picture图片对象列表，确保数据与图像同步。
def create_pictures(picture, data, set):
for i in range(set.picture_num):
for j in range(set.picture_num):
p = Picture(data[i][j])
picture[i][j] = p窗口创建与主循环逻辑
封装创建游戏窗口的函数，初始化Pygame并设置窗口尺寸。
def screen_create(set):
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((set.screen_length, set.screen_width))
pygame.display.set_caption("拼图")
return screen程序的主函数入口，负责初始化设置、生成初始数据、创建窗口及启动主循环。
if __name__ == '__main__':
set = Settings()
# 初始数据
data = [[9, 1, 3, 4],
[2, 16, 14, 8],
[6, 10, 5, 12],
[13, 7, 11, 15]]
p0 = [1, 1]
caozuoshu = create_caozuoshu()
data_begin(caozuoshu, p0, data)
bushu = [0]
# 创建图片
picture = [[None, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, None]]
yuantu = Picture(17)
create_pictures(picture, data, set) # 按照data生成相应顺序的picture列表
# 创建窗口
screen = screen_create(set)
# 游戏主循环
while True:
check_events(picture, p0, data, bushu)
screen_updata(picture, screen, set, yuantu)按键响应与状态同步更新
实现按键事件响应逻辑，处理用户的键盘输入。
当用户按下方向键时，必须同步更新picture列表（图像位置）和data列表（逻辑状态）。data列表的变化用于实时判断拼图是否已完成。
根据用户按键产生的控制指令，执行相应的图像移动操作。
def check_events(picture, p0, data, bushu):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and game_over(data, set, bushu):
if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN and p0[0] > 0:
xinhao = 1
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)
elif event.key == pygame.K_UP and p0[0] < 3:
xinhao = 2
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)
elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT and p0[1] > 0:
xinhao = 3
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT and p0[1] < 3:
xinhao = 4
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)依据控制指令，更新picture和data列表中的元素位置，并记录步数。
def updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data):
if xinhao == 3:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]-1]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]-1] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1] = t
p0[1] -= 1
elif xinhao == 4:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0]][p0[1] + 1]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1] + 1] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1] = t
p0[1] += 1
elif xinhao == 1:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0] - 1][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0] - 1][p0[1]] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] -= 1
elif xinhao == 2:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0] + 1][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0] + 1][p0[1]] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0] + 1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0] +1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] += 1胜利判定与完整代码实现
实现判断拼图是否完成的逻辑函数。
def game_over(data, set,bushu):
datao = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15, 16]]
for i in range(set.picture_num):
for j in range(set.picture_num):
if datao[i][j] != data[i][j]:
return True
print("牛逼！\n 游戏结束！\n 步数：{}".format(bushu[0]))
return False该函数需在每次按键响应后实时调用，用于监测当前状态是否达到拼图完成的目标。
以下是完整的Python程序代码。
import pygame
import random
import sys
class Settings:
def __init__(self):
self.picture_num = 4
self.screen_width = 408
self.screen_length = 809
self.picture_length = 100
self.screen_bgcol = (96, 127, 255)
self.picture_speed = 5
self.picture_bian = 1
self.picture_distance = 102
class Picture:
def __init__(self, num):
self.picture_name = 'images/p{}.gif'.format(num)
self.picture = pygame.image.load(self.picture_name)
self.picture_rect = self.picture.get_rect()
def display_picture(self, screen, x, y):
self.picture_rect.x = x
self.picture_rect.y = y
screen.blit(self.picture, self.picture_rect)
'''def data_begin(data,p0):
n = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]
ns = 16
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
num = random.randint(0, ns-1)
ns -= 1
data[i][j] = n.pop(num)
if data[i][j] == 16:
p0[0] = i
p0[1] = j'''
def data_begin(caozuoshu, p0, data):
for i in caozuoshu:
move(i, p0, data)
def move(i, p0, data):
if i == 3 and p0[1] > 0:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1] = t
p0[1] -= 1
elif i == 4 and p0[1] < 3:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1] = t
p0[1] += 1
elif i == 1 and p0[0] > 0:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] -= 1
elif i == 2 and p0[0] < 3:
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]+1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]+1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] += 1
def create_caozuoshu():
n = 30
caozuo = [1, 2, 3, 4]
caozuoshu = []
for i in range(n):
caozuoshu.append(random.choice(caozuo))
return caozuoshu
def create_pictures(picture, data, set):
for i in range(set.picture_num):
for j in range(set.picture_num):
p = Picture(data[i][j])
picture[i][j] = p
def screen_updata(picture, screen, set, yuantu):
screen.fill(set.screen_bgcol)
x, y = 402, set.picture_bian
for i in range(set.picture_num):
for j in range(set.picture_num):
picture[i][j].display_picture(screen, x, y)
x += set.picture_distance
x = 402
y += set.picture_distance
yuantu.display_picture(screen, 1, 4)
pygame.display.flip()
def screen_create(set):
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((set.screen_length, set.screen_width))
pygame.display.set_caption("拼图")
return screen
def game_over(data, set,bushu):
datao = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15, 16]]
for i in range(set.picture_num):
for j in range(set.picture_num):
if datao[i][j] != data[i][j]:
return True
print("牛逼！\n 游戏结束！\n 步数：{}".format(bushu[0]))
return False
def updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data):
if xinhao == 3:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]-1]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]-1] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]-1] = t
p0[1] -= 1
elif xinhao == 4:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0]][p0[1] + 1]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1] + 1] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]+1] = t
p0[1] += 1
elif xinhao == 1:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0] - 1][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0] - 1][p0[1]] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]-1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] -= 1
elif xinhao == 2:
tmp = picture[p0[0]][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0]][p0[1]] = picture[p0[0] + 1][p0[1]]
picture[p0[0] + 1][p0[1]] = tmp
t = data[p0[0]][p0[1]]
data[p0[0]][p0[1]] = data[p0[0] + 1][p0[1]]
data[p0[0] +1][p0[1]] = t
p0[0] += 1
#print(data)
def check_events(picture, p0, data, bushu):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and game_over(data, set, bushu):
if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN and p0[0] > 0:
xinhao = 1
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)
elif event.key == pygame.K_UP and p0[0] < 3:
xinhao = 2
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)
elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT and p0[1] > 0:
xinhao = 3
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT and p0[1] < 3:
xinhao = 4
bushu[0] += 1
updata(xinhao, picture, p0, data)
if __name__ == '__main__':
set = Settings()
# 初始数据
data = [[9, 1, 3, 4],
[2, 16, 14, 8],
[6, 10, 5, 12],
[13, 7, 11, 15]]
p0 = [1, 1]
caozuoshu = create_caozuoshu()
data_begin(caozuoshu, p0, data)
bushu = [0]
# 创建图片
picture = [[None, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, None],
[None, None, None, None]]
yuantu = Picture(17)
create_pictures(picture, data, set)
# 创建窗口
screen = screen_create(set)
# 游戏主循环
while True:
check_events(picture, p0, data, bushu)
screen_updata(picture, screen, set, yuantu)请注意，游戏所需的图片文件必须与程序中指定的路径和文件名保持一致，否则会导致加载错误。
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